Author(s)

Haoru Li ¹

Affiliation(s)

¹ College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325060, China

Corresponding Author

Haoru Li

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates the critical factors that influence K-12 students' academic performance in the United States. Utilizing the 2019 Parent and Family Involvement (PFI) in Education Survey data collected by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), three new indices are constructed that summarize parental involvement in school and family events, parental satisfaction with schools, and students' extracurricular learning time. Initially, data visualization is employed to examine the data characteristics, followed by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression to analyze the relationship between students' grades and these three indices. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between students' grades and the extent of parental involvement in activities, parents' satisfaction with school work, and students' studying time outside the classroom. These results can provide valuable and actionable insights for future educational practices and policies while guiding parental involvement to support their children's academic achievement.

KEYWORDS

Parental Involvement, Extracurricular Learning Time, Student Academic Performance, Data Visualization, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)

CITE THIS PAPER

Haoru Li, Understanding the Determinants of K-12 Academic Success in the United States: OLS Regression. Advances in Educational Technology and Psychology (2023) Vol. 7: 23-33. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/aetp.2023.070305.

REFERENCES

[1] Abdi H., and Williams L. J. (2010). Principal component analysis. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews: computational statistics, 2(4), 433-459. 
[2] Anderson K. P., Ritter G. W., and Zamarro G. (2019). Understanding a vicious cycle: The relationship between student discipline and student academic outcomes. Educational Researcher, 48(5), 251-262.
[3] Angrist J. D., and Pischke J. S. (2009). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist's companion. Princeton university press.
[4] Brody J. E. (2021). The health of education experts say now is the time to bump up resources in schools as 'healthier students are better learners'. Hartford Courant, D. 3, 3.
[5] Chatterjee S., & Hadi A. S. (2006). Regression analysis by example. John Wiley & Sons.
[6] Chih-Hao C. (2019). Effects of private tutoring on English performance: Evidence from senior high students in Taiwan. International Journal of Educational Development, 68, 80-87.
[7] Dettmers S., Yotyodying S., & Jonkmann K. (2019). Antecedents and outcomes of parental homework involvement: How do family-school partnerships affect parental homework involvement and student outcomes? Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1048.
[8] Engin G. (2020). An Examination of Primary School Students' Academic Achievements and Motivation in Terms of Parents' Attitudes, Teacher Motivation, Teacher Self-Efficacy and Leadership Approach. International journal of progressive education, 16(1), 257-276.
[9] Epstein J. L., Sanders M. G., Sheldon S. B., Simon B. S., Salinas K. C., Jansorn N. R., Van Voorhis F. L., Martin C. S., Thomas B. G., Greenfeld M. D., Hutchins D. J., & Williams K. J. (2019). School, family, and community partnerships: Your handbook for action. Corwin Press.
[10] Gauss C. F. (1877). Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium (Vol. 7). FA Perthes.
[11] Hafezi A., & Etemadinia S. (2022). Investigating the relationship between homework and academic achievement in elementary students. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(3), 185–195.
[12] Islam K., & Shapla T. J. (2021). The significance of parental involvements in reducing k-12 students absenteeism. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(3), 1215–1225.
[13] Jolliffe I. T. (2002). Principal component analysis for special types of data (pp. 338-372). Springer New York.
[14] Jolliffe I. T., & Cadima J. (2016). Principal component analysis: a review and recent developments. Philosophical transactions of the royal society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 374(2065), 20150202.
[15] Kabacoff R. (2022). R in Action: Data Analysis and Graphics with R and Tidyverse. Simon and Schuster.
[16] Kim M. J. (2020). Understanding the determinants on household electricity consumption in Korea: OLS regression and quantile regression. The Electricity Journal, 33(7), 106802.
[17] Lara L., & Saracostti M. (2019). Effect of parental involvement on children’s academic achievement in Chile. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1464.
[18] Lee S. (2019). Race, power, and minority parent participation. Phi Delta Kappan, 101(1), 30–33.
[19] Legendre A. M. (1806). Nouvelles méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes; par AM Legendre... chez Firmin Didot, libraire pour lew mathematiques, la marine, l'architecture, et les editions stereotypes, rue de Thionville.
[20] Montgomery D. C., Peck E. A., & Vining G. G. (2021). Introduction to linear regression analysis. John Wiley & Sons.
[21] Nasiri A., Shafiee N., & Zandi R. (2021). Spatial analysis of factors influencing land subsidence using the ols model (case study: fahlian aquifer). Earth Science Informatics, 14(4), 2133–2144.
[22] National Center for Education Statistics. (2020). Digest of Education Statistics, 2019 (NCES 2020-007). U.S. Department of Education.
[23] Nickow A., Oreopoulos P., & Quan V. (2020). The impressive effects of tutoring on prek-12 learning: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the experimental evidence.
[24] Ross C. E., & Wu C.-ling. (1995). The links between education and health. American Sociological Review, 60(5), 719–719.
[25] Song H., & Xue H. (2022). The Impact of Extracurricular Tutoring Time Investment on Academic Performance of Secondary School Students: An Empirical Analysis Based on PISA2015 Data of Four Provincial Administrative Regions in China. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 11(2), 1551-1565.
[26] Spitzer M. W. H. (2022). Just do it! Study time increases mathematical achievement scores for grade 4-10 students in a large longitudinal cross-country study. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 37(1), 39-53.
[27] Tokac U., Novak E., & Thompson C. G. (2019). Effects of game‐based learning on students' mathematics achievement: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 35(3), 407-420.
[28] Wold S., Esbensen K., & Geladi P. (1987). Principal component analysis. Chemometrics and intelligent laboratory systems, 2(1-3), 37-52. 

Sponsors, Associates, and Links

---

• Curriculum and Teaching Methodology
  
  
• Transactions on Comparative Education
  
  
• Applied & Educational Psychology
  
  
• Advances in Vocational and Technical Education
  
  
• Adult and Higher Education