Education, Science, Technology, Innovation and Life
Open Access
Sign In

A Brief Analysis of the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Complicated with Diabetes Mellitus

Download as PDF

DOI: 10.23977/medsc.2022.030309 | Downloads: 11 | Views: 668

Author(s)

Tiantian Yang 1, Xinmiao Zhou 1, Yue Li 1, Yang Xiao 2

Affiliation(s)

1 Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
2 Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi'an 710003, China

Corresponding Author

Yang Xiao

ABSTRACT

COVID-19 began to break out in 2019 and is still popular all over the world. Now it has become a major public health problem in the world. According to various studies, half of COVID-19 patients are often accompanied by chronic diseases, and chronic diseases combined with COVID-19 will increase COVID-19's case fatality rate to a certain extent. COVID-19 belongs to the category of "epidemic disease" in traditional Chinese medicine and is highly contagious. Most doctors in our country think that the key to the pathogenesis lies in spleen deficiency and damp pathogen, and because of different regions, climates and individual differences, the pathogenesis differentiation of patients is different. According to this characteristic, many doctors in our country have put forward their own opinions. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose level, which belongs to the category of "diabetes" in traditional Chinese medicine. The main pathogenesis of traditional Chinese medicine is Yin deficiency and dryness and heat, which is one of the common chronic diseases in China. In order to better understand the occurrence and development of COVID-19 with diabetes, based on the existing research and the understanding of many doctors, the author discusses the pathogenesis of COVID-19 with diabetes from the two aspects of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine, hoping to be helpful to the clinical work.

KEYWORDS

COVID-19, Diabetes, Pathogenesis, Syndrome differentiation, spleen deficiency, phlegm-dampness

CITE THIS PAPER

Tiantian Yang, Xinmiao Zhou, Yue Li, Yang Xiao, A Brief Analysis of the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Complicated with Diabetes Mellitus. MEDS Clinical Medicine (2022) Vol. 3: 49-56. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/medsc.2022.030309.

REFERENCES

[1] Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 507-513. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20) 30211-7
[2] Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China [published correction appears in JAMA. 2021 Mar 16;325(11):1113]. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-1069. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585.
[3] Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China [published correction appears in Lancet. 2020 Jan 30;:]. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
[4] Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239-1242. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648
[5] Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, et al. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2020; 91: 264-266. doi:10.1016/ j.ijid.2020.01.009
[6] Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271-280.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
[7] Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China [published correction appears in Lancet. 2020 Jan 30;]. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
[8] ZHANG Y L, JIANG C Y. Cytokine storms the dominant hand in acute respiratory distress syndrome [J]. Life Sci, 2015, 27(5): 554-557.
[9] WHO. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants [EB/OL]. (2021-12-06) [2021-12-09]. https://www.who.int/en/activities/ tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/.
[10] Zhi Yong, Wang Xuejun, Yang Bo, Lin Yan. Research Progress of TCM Etiology and Syndrome differentiation of COVID-19 [J]. Liaoning Journal of traditional Chinese Medicine, 1-9.
[11] Jia Zhenhua, Li Hongrong, Chang Liping, Wei Congn. Historical Review and reflection of traditional Chinese Medicine in dealing with epidemic Diseases [J]. Chinese Journal of Experimental Pharmaceutics, 2020.
[12] Zhang Lei, Wang Juanjuan, Lou Zhijie, Li Fengxia, Meng Yan, Yu Chunquan, Zhang Boli, Han Xiangli. To explore the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of COVID-19 from the mechanism theory of fu evil febrile disease [J]. Tianjin traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 09, 990-993.
[13] Fan Yipin, Wang Yanping, Zhang Huamin, Wang Yongyan. Try to treat COVID-19 from the cold epidemic theory [J]. Journal of traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 0515, 369-374.
[14] Tong Xiaolin, Li Xiuyang, Zhao Linhua, Li Qingwei, Yang Yingying, Lin Yiqun, Ding Qiyou, Lei Ye, Wang Qiang, Song Bin, Liu Wenke, Shen Shiwei, Zhu Xiangdong, Huang Feijian, Zhou Yide. Discussion on COVID-19 's prevention and treatment strategy of traditional Chinese medicine from the point of view of cold-damp epidemic [J]. Journal of traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 0614, 465-470, 553.
[15] Fan Yipin, Zhang Huamin, Wang Yanping, Lu Cheng, Wang Yongyan. A brief Analysis of COVID-19 's Disease attribute Classification in traditional Chinese Medicine [J]. Journal of traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 0511, 921-927.
[16] Fan Fuyuan, Fan Xinrong, Wang Xinzhi, Jin Zhaohui, Zhao Silin, Wang Wei, Yao Lusa, Liu Yujia, Tian Ying, Liu Dan, GE Zijing, Xu Qian, Min Rui. Discussion on the TCM characteristics and Prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in Hunan Province from the perspective of dampness and dryness. Journal of traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 0714, 553-556.
[17] Shi Guangwei, Liang Yonglin, Su Ying. COVID-19 Sun Shaoyang Taiyin disease pulse syndrome and treatment [J]. Journal of Gansu University of traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 01VR 23-27.
[18] Chai Ruimei, Chai Kui, Li Pengtao, Chai Pu ran. This paper discusses the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 from the point of view of cold-damp epidemic in traditional Chinese medicine [J]. Emergency of traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 0415, 565-567, 574.
[19] Zhang Jing, Zhao Shi, Huang Jianxin, Wang Yaoguang, Huang Wenzheng. Discussion on the understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 from the idea of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine [J]. Tianjin traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020.05purl 503-508.
[20] Wang Jinzhong, Liu Yuntao, Qin Xiaolan, Tang Wanying, Chen Yan. Combined with the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19, this paper discusses the clinical significance of membrane theory [J]. Tianjin traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 0614-637.
[21] Yang Jiayao, Su Wen, Qiao Jie, Cai Rong, Liu Xin, Wei Li. TCM syndrome and physique analysis of 90 patients with common COVID-19 [J]. Journal of traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 0814, 645-649.
[22] Southern expedition, Wang Tan, Shi Li, Fang Yacheng, Bao Pengjie, Zhu Zhiyue, Liu Shilin. Ideas and methods of TCM diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in Jilin Province [J]. Jilin traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020-02-14-14.
[23] Yang Huasheng, Li Li, Gou Chunyan, Zhang Jiaying, Luo Xiaolan, Jin Aihua, Wang Xiaojun, Li Xiuhui. Preliminary study on TCM Syndromes and Pathogenesis of COVID-19 in Beijing [J]. Beijing traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 02R, 115-118.
[24] Xue Yan, Zhang Wei, Xu Guihua, Chen Xiaorong, Lu Yunfei, Wang Zhenwei, Shi Kehua, Wu Huan, Yu Jian. Damp plague is a disease, sparse profit and reach through-- Analysis on clinical syndrome and treatment of COVID-19 in Shanghai area [J]. Shanghai Journal of traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020. 03.
[25] Atamna A, Ayada G, Akirov A, Shochat T, Bishara J, Elis A. High blood glucose variability is associated with bacteremia and mortality in patients hospitalized with acute infection. QJM. 2019; 112(2): 101-106. doi:10.1093/ qjmed/hcy235
[26] Chen Xi, Tong Jin, Xiang Jianhua, Hu Jingjing. a retrospective study on the influence of epidemiological characteristics on severe symptoms in 139 patients with COVID-19. Chongqing Medicine, 2020, 1714, 2802-2806.
[27] Yang JK, Lin SS, Ji XJ, Guo LM. Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2010; 47(3): 193-199. doi:10.1007/s00592-009-0109-4
[28] Chen Lei, Xie Jungang. Interpretation of COVID-19 's diagnosis and treatment Plan (trial Seventh Edition) [J]. Medical Guide, 2020, 0515, 613-615.
[29] Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-1207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
[30] Xie J, Wang M, Cheng A, et al. Cytokine storms are primarily responsible for the rapid death of ducklings infected with duck hepatitis A virus type 1 [published correction appears in Sci Rep. 2020 Mar 24;10(1):5672]. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):6596. Published 2018 Apr 26. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24729-w
[31] Hawlisch H, Belkaid Y, Baelder R, Hildeman D, Gerard C, Köhl J. C5a negatively regulates toll-like receptor 4-induced immune responses. Immunity. 2005; 22(4): 415-426. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.02.006
[32] Pedersen BK. IL-6 signalling in exercise and disease. Biochem Soc Trans. 2007;35(Pt 5):1295-1297. doi:10.1042/ BST0351295.
[33] Shah A, Mehta N, Reilly MP. Adipose inflammation, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2008;32(6):638-644. doi:10.1177/0148607108325251
[34] Peng Lingling, Liu Xiao, Xie Fei, Ji Bo. Analysis of influencing factors of hyperglycemia in COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus [J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020pr 07VR 926-929.
[35] Chen Shi, Wu Juanjuan, Li Zhiming, Xu Di, Zhu Ziyang, Wang Chuanhai, Li Chenghong, he Peng. Clinical analysis of COVID-19 in 109 cases. Chinese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2020. 03Rose 145-146-147-148-149.
[36] Luo Wei, Wei Maogang, Wei Hailong, Li Jiameng, Yi Qun. A case of severe COVID-19 complicated with glucocorticoid-induced diabetes and preliminary study on the use of glucocorticoid [J]. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and critical Care, 2020.
[37] Woerle HJ, Mariuz PR, Meyer C, et al. Mechanisms for the deterioration in glucose tolerance associated with HIV protease inhibitor regimens. Diabetes. 2003; 52(4): 918-925. doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.4.918
[38] Zhang Yinghui, Qin Guijun, Wang Bing, Li Jun, Yan Yushan. Two cases of type 1 diabetes mellitus complicated with ketosis induced by recombinant human interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis [J]. Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine, 2013.
[39] Maddaloni E, Buzzetti R. Covid-19 and diabetes mellitus: unveiling the interaction of two pandemics [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 31]. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020; e33213321. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3321
[40] Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, et al. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 31]. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020; e3319. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3319
[41] Yan Y, Yang Y, Wang F, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8(1): e001343. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001343
[42] Wang Z, Du Z, Zhu F. Glycosylated hemoglobin is associated with systemic inflammation, hypercoagulability, and prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020; 164: 108214. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108214
[43] McGonagle D, Sharif K, O'Regan A, Bridgewood C. The Role of Cytokines including Interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced Pneumonia and Macrophage Activation Syndrome-Like Disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(6):102537. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102537
[44] Liu Y, Du X, Chen J, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an independent risk factor for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Infect. 2020;81(1): e6-e12. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.002. 
[45] Tiwari S, Pratyush DD, Gahlot A, Singh SK. Sepsis in diabetes: A bad duo. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2011; 5(4): 222-227. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2012.02.02
[46] Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature. 2001; 414(6865): 813-820. doi:10.1038/414813a
[47] Hatanaka E, Monteagudo PT, Marrocos MS, Campa A. Neutrophils and monocytes as potentially important sources of proinflammatory cytokines in diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006; 146(3): 443-447. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006. 03229.x
[48] Stentz FB, Kitabchi AE. Activated T lymphocytes in Type 2 diabetes: implications from in vitro studies. Curr Drug Targets. 2003;4(6):493-503. doi:10.2174/1389450033490966 
[49] Xia C, Rao X, Zhong J. Role of T Lymphocytes in Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetes-Associated Inflammation. J Diabetes Res. 2017; 2017: 6494795. doi:10.1155/2017/6494795
[50] Kida K, Utsuyama M, Takizawa T, Thurlbeck WM. Changes in lung morphologic features and elasticity caused by streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in growing rats. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983; 128(1): 125-131. doi:10.1164/arrd. 1983.128.1.125
[51] Yeh HC, Punjabi NM, Wang NY, et al. Cross-sectional and prospective study of lung function in adults with type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31(4): 741-746. doi:10.2337/dc07-1464
[52] Klein OL, Krishnan JA, Glick S, Smith LJ. Systematic review of the association between lung function and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2010;27(9):977-987. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03073.x
[53] Zheng H, Wu J, Jin Z, Yan LJ. Potential Biochemical Mechanisms of Lung Injury in Diabetes. Aging Dis. 2017; 8(1): 7-16. Published 2017 Feb 1. doi:10.14336/AD.2016.0627
[54] Zhao Yong, Xie Min, Li Huimin, Xu Minfang, Xia Fangmei, Xiao Honghui, Li Yang, Huachuan, Zuo Xinhe, Lu Wenliang. clinical characteristics and TCM pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with COVID-19 [J]. Journal of Hubei University of traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020pr 04purl 100-104.
[55] Hu Zhipeng, Yang Maoyi, Xie Chunguang, Gao Hong, Fu Xiaoxu. Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with COVID-19 based on phlegm toxin. Sichuan traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), 2020, 0814, 9-11.
[56] Su Fengzhe, Li Min, Wang Pei, Lu Xishan. On the role of phlegm-dampness in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and its countermeasures [J]. Clinical Research of traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020. 06VOV 68-70.

Downloads: 4691
Visits: 204502

Sponsors, Associates, and Links


All published work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright © 2016 - 2031 Clausius Scientific Press Inc. All Rights Reserved.