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  4. Vol 6, Issue 5, 2025

Mitochondrial Transfer and Tumor Cell Immune Evasion: Mechanisms, Clinical Significance, and Research Prospects – A Review

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DOI: 10.23977/medsc.2025.060519 | Downloads: 1 | Views: 32

Author(s)

Kai Li 1, Weidong Yang 1, Dongqing Wang 1

Affiliation(s)

1 Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China

Corresponding Author

Kai Li

ABSTRACT

Mitochondria, as pivotal organelles involved in cellular energy metabolism and signal transduction, have recently been recognized for their dynamic transfer between cells within the tumor microenvironment. This phenomenon of mitochondrial transfer has emerged as a critical factor contributing to tumor cell immune evasion, a major challenge in effective cancer treatment. Current research reveals complex molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial transfer, including tunneling nanotubes, extracellular vesicles, and gap junctions, which facilitate intercellular communication and metabolic reprogramming. These mechanisms modulate immune responses by altering tumor immunogenicity and suppressing anti-tumor immunity, thereby promoting tumor progression and resistance to immunotherapy. Despite advances in understanding the biology of mitochondrial transfer, significant gaps remain in elucidating its precise role in immune escape and identifying therapeutic targets. This review comprehensively summarizes the fundamental processes of mitochondrial transfer and explores their involvement in tumor immune evasion, emphasizing key signaling pathways and molecular mediators. Furthermore, it assesses the impact of mitochondrial transfer on the efficacy of current immunotherapeutic approaches and discusses potential clinical applications aimed at disrupting this process to enhance treatment outcomes. Finally, integrating the latest research findings, we highlight future directions for investigating mitochondrial transfer in tumor immunoregulation and its translational potential, aiming to foster innovative strategies for cancer therapy. This synthesis offers valuable insights into the interplay between mitochondrial dynamics and tumor immunity, underscoring the importance of targeting mitochondrial transfer in overcoming immune resistance.

KEYWORDS

Mitochondrial transfer, tumor cells, immune evasion, tumor microenvironment, immunotherapy, clinical significance

CITE THIS PAPER

Kai Li, Weidong Yang, Dongqing Wang, Mitochondrial Transfer and Tumor Cell Immune Evasion: Mechanisms, Clinical Significance, and Research Prospects – A Review. MEDS Clinical Medicine (2025) Vol. 6: 128-139. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/medsc.2025.060519.

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