Author(s)

Xin Liu ¹

Affiliation(s)

¹ Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, China

Corresponding Author

Xin Liu

ABSTRACT

Since the implementation of the "Double Reduction" policy and the Interim Measures for Administrative Penalties for Off-Campus Training, the supervision of off-campus training has entered a legalized stage. However, the broad discretion and unclear standards in administrative penalties have led to prominent problems such as inconsistent law enforcement and improper punishment. As the core principle of regulating administrative discretion, the principle of proportionality plays a key role in balancing supervision rigidity and the protection of administrative counterparts' rights and interests. This paper analyzes the application dilemmas of the principle of proportionality in administrative penalties for off-campus training from legislative, law enforcement, judicial and supporting levels, explores the causes of the problems, and puts forward targeted improvement countermeasures, aiming to promote the standardized application of the principle of proportionality and help the healthy development of off-campus training governance.

KEYWORDS

Principle of Roportionality, Off-Campus Training, Administrative Penalty

CITE THIS PAPER

Xin Liu. The Application Dilemma and Improvement Path of the Principle of Proportionality in Administrative Penalties for Off-Campus Training. Science of Law Journal (2026). Vol. 5, No.1, 45-53. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/DOI: 10.23977/law.2026.050108.

REFERENCES

[1] Piao H Y, Hwang H. Shadow Education Policy in Korea During the COVID-19 Pandemic[J]. ECNU Review ofEducation,2021,04(03):660-663.
[2] Bray M. Confronting the Shadow Education System: What Government Policies for What Private Tutoring[R]. Paris: International Institute for Educational Planning,2009:77-100.
[3] Zhang W, Bray M. Comparative research on shadow education: Achievements, challenges, and the agenda ahead [J].European Journal of Education Research, Development and Policy,2020,55 (03):322-341.
[4] Iveta S ,Bray M. Education in a Hidden Marketplace: Monitoring of Private Tutoring Overview and CountryReports [R].New York: Open Society Institute,2006:99-109.

Sponsors, Associates, and Links

---

• Journal of Language Testing & Assessment
  
  
• Information and Knowledge Management
  
  
• Military and Armament Science
  
  
• Media and Communication Research
  
  
• Journal of Human Movement Science
  
  
• Art and Performance Letters
  
  
• Lecture Notes on History
  
  
• Lecture Notes on Language and Literature
  
  
• Philosophy Journal
  
  
• Journal of Political Science Research
  
  
• Journal of Sociology and Ethnology
  
  
• Advances in Broadcasting